Physical automation

Humans and Robots

A grounded look at what robots can do outside controlled demonstrations—and what deployment requires.

Capability

Dexterity, perception, reliability, safety, and performance in changing physical environments.

Economics

Hardware cost, maintenance, energy, integration, capital cycles, and the price of downtime.

Labour effects

What industrial-robot evidence shows, what humanoid-robot forecasts assume, and where the two diverge.